l <2歲濕疹、異味性皮膚炎、過敏性鼻炎可免費做過敏原測試,自費2000
l 岳飛是蕁麻疹體質
l 鼻黏膜上一片白+eosinophil↑:過敏性鼻炎
l Angioedema嚴重時呼吸器沒用,用tracheostomy
l 發燒?皮疹?關節炎?→診斷autoimmune
自體免疫疾病是AIR收入穩定來源
l 一來腰痛絕對不是RA,不會從脊椎來
l AS不用當兵
l “Pencil in cap”:psoriatic arthritis
l “saddle nose”:多發性皮肌炎、梅毒、類肉瘤
l 硬皮症:器官組織fibrosis,無法阻止
l RF:rheumatoid factor,要和anti-CCP比較,先在RA發現,故得名
positive→CH: chronic liver or lung dz
R: RA
O: other SLE, PSS, MCTD, sarcoid, PM, SS
N: neoplasm, post radiation or C/T
I: infection, AIDS
C: cryoglobulin(>37℃沉澱,<37℃溶解)
l 不能過度依賴檢驗來診斷風濕病or調整藥物劑量,只有少數是highly sensitive和specific
l ESR:Westergen method比Wintrobe method好
上升→女性懷孕、age、fat、anemia、infection(35%)、多發性骨髓瘤(>100mm/hr, Ig多, plasma viscosity↑),要問complete hx, PE, routine test→repeat ESR→check serum protein electrophoresis(SPEP), CRP
下降→polycythemia、hypofibrinogenemia、CHF、spherocytosis、sickle cells、afibrinogenemia、agammaglobulinemia
Upper limit of ESR:男性age/2、女性(age+10)/2
常用於RA,最specific用於血管炎:polymyalgia rheumatica、temporal arteritis
l CRP:5個subunit結合的環狀,和S. pneumonia的C polysaccharide反應,受值高低不受fibrinogen, Ig, RBC量或形狀影響,ligand是phospholipid,normal < 0.08mg/dL,一但上升1000倍,可能bacterial infection(virus不會昇高)、vasculitis或metastatic cancer、痛風發作,比LDL更好預測心血管疾病、甚至type2DM
Low CRP levels in lupus,因為IFN type I上升,抑制CRP induction
>60→lupus serositis、chronic synovitis、infection,和leukocyte上的Fc receptor結合
normal、OA:CRP<1,不受年齡影響
l Ferritin:在多數tissue, bone marrow, RES
上升→infalmmation、malignancy、liver dz
>5000→adult onset Still’s dz
l Haptoglobin:電永在alpha 2 globulin區域,是acute phase protein
下降→remove free plasma hemoglobin、hemolysis、更多inflammation、malignancy
l AIR三個里程碑:1948年LE cell的發現、1949年isolate cortisol(RA病人開始可以走)、生物製劑
l ANA:用indirect immunofluorescents test,冷凍切片
homogeneous pattern→SLE
discrete speckled→centromere Ab
speckled→密:多發型硬化症;疏:硬皮症
nuclear type→硬皮症
l PAPS抗磷脂質抗體症候群,臨床表現和SLE overlap
l Autoantibody和自體免疫疾病致病機轉大多無關,只是marker
l MCTD:肌炎、raynaud、關節腫痛、RNP↑↑
l Limitted scleroderma(CREST):centromere,較易有pulmonary artery hypertension
l Sjogren’s syndrome:SS-A, SS-B
l Anti-centromere Ab:有絲分裂中期才出現,預測皮膚範圍大,甚至心血管
l False-negative ANA:可能antigen溶解
l Anti-double strand DNA Ab可做疾病長期的追蹤
l Anti-synthetase syndrome多在肌肉發炎的case
Ab against t-RNA synthetase(anti-Jo1, antiPL7, antiPL12),造成fever, Raynaud’s, mechanic hands, myositis, plyarthritis, interstitial lung dz(CT下honey comb)
l APS:embolism、
留言列表